Theko ea machaba ea mehloli ea zinki e susumetsoa ka ho toba ke kamano ea phepelo le tlhokahalo le boemo ba moruo.Kabo ea lefats'e ea lisebelisoa tsa zinki e tsepamisitsoe haholo linaheng tse kang Australia le Chaena, 'me linaha tse hlahisang lihlahisoa e le Chaena, Peru le Australia.Tšebeliso ea zinki e tsepamisitsoe haholo libakeng tsa Asia Pacific le Europe le Amerika.Jianeng ke mohlahisi le mohoebi e moholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng oa tšepe ea zinki, e nang le tšusumetso e kholo ho theko ea zinki.Libaka tsa China tsa mehloli ea zinki li boemong ba bobeli lefatšeng, empa sehlopha ha se holimo.Tlhahiso ea eona le tšebeliso ea eona ka bobeli ke boemo ba pele lefatšeng, 'me ho itšetleha ha eona ka ntle ho phahame.
E 'ngoe ke hore LME ke eona feela phapanyetsano ea bokamoso ba zinki lefatšeng ka bophara, e maemong a holimo 'marakeng oa bokamoso ba zinki.
LME e thehiloe ka 1876 mme ea qala ho etsa khoebo ea zinki e sa reroang qalong ea eona.Ka 1920, khoebo ea molao ea zinki e ile ea qala.Ho tloha ka bo-1980, LME esale e le barometer ea 'maraka oa zinki oa lefats'e,' me theko ea eona ea semmuso e bonts'a liphetoho tsa phepelo ea zinki le tlhoko lefatšeng ka bophara, e tsebahalang lefatšeng ka bophara.Litheko tsena li ka thibeloa ka bokamoso le likonteraka tse fapaneng tsa khetho ho LME.Ts'ebetso ea 'maraka ea zinki e maemong a boraro ho LME, ea bobeli kamora bokamoso ba koporo le aluminium.
Taba ea bobeli, New York Mercantile Exchange (COMEX) e ile ea bula khoebo ea bokamoso ba zinki ka bokhutšoanyane, empa ha ea ka ea atleha.
COMEX e sebelisitse bokamoso ba zinki ka bokhutšoanyane ho tloha 1978 ho isa 1984, empa ka kakaretso ha ea ka ea atleha.Ka nako eo, bahlahisi ba zinki ba Amerika ba ne ba le matla haholo ka theko ea zinki, e le hore COMEX e ne e se na chelete e lekaneng ea khoebo ea zinki ho fana ka chelete ea konteraka, e leng se etsang hore ho se khonehe hore zinki e be le litheko tsa arbitrage pakeng tsa LME le COMEX joaloka litšebelisano tsa koporo le silevera.Matsatsing ana, khoebo ea tšepe ea COMEX e shebane haholo le bokamoso le likonteraka tsa khetho bakeng sa khauta, silevera, koporo le aluminium.
Ea boraro ke hore Shanghai Stock Exchange e ile ea tsebahatsa ka molao Shanghai Zinc Futures ka 2007, e nka karolo tsamaisong ea litheko tsa lefatše ka bophara tsa zinki.
Ho bile le khoebo e khuts'oane ea zinki nalaneng ea Shanghai Stock Exchange.Hoo e ka bang mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1990, zinki e ne e le mofuta oa khoebo oa nako e telele ho ea ho nako e telele hammoho le tšepe ea motheo e kang koporo, aluminium, lead, tin le nickel.Leha ho le joalo, tekanyo ea khoebo ea zinki e ile ea fokotseha selemo le selemo, 'me ka 1997, khoebo ea zinki e ne e felile.Ka 1998, nakong ea tokiso ea 'maraka oa bokamoso, mefuta ea khoebo ea tšepe e se nang ferrous e ile ea boloka koporo le aluminium feela,' me zinki le mefuta e meng e ile ea hlakoloa.Ha theko ea zinki e ntse e phahama ka 2006, ho ne ho e-na le mehala e sa khaotseng ea hore bokamoso ba zinki bo khutlele 'marakeng.Ka la 26 Hlakubele 2007, Shanghai Stock Exchange e ile ea thathamisa ka molao bokamoso ba zinki, e fetisa liphetoho tsa libaka tsa phepelo le tlhoko ea 'maraka oa zinki oa China 'marakeng oa machabeng le ho nka karolo tsamaisong ea litheko tsa zinki ea lefats'e.
Mokhoa oa mantlha oa litheko tsa sebaka sa zinki 'marakeng oa machabeng ke ho sebelisa theko ea kontraka ea zinki nakong e tlang e le theko ea tekanyetso, le ho eketsa markup e tšoanang joalo ka khotheishene ea sebaka.Tloaelo ea litheko tsa machaba tsa zinki le litheko tsa bokamoso ba LME li tsitsitse haholo, hobane theko ea zinki ea LME e sebetsa e le tekanyetso ea nako e telele ea litheko bakeng sa bareki le barekisi ba zinki, 'me theko ea eona ea khoeli le khoeli e boetse e sebetsa e le motheo oa litheko bakeng sa khoebo ea matheba a zinki. .
E 'ngoe ke ho ea holimo le ho theoha ha litheko tsa zinki ho tloha ka 1960 ho ea ho 1978;Ea bobeli ke nako ea oscillation ho tloha 1979 ho isa 2000;Ea boraro ke lebelo la ho ea holimo le tlaase ho tloha ka 2001 ho ea ho 2009;Ea bone ke nako ea ho feto-fetoha ha maemo ho tloha 2010 ho isa 2020;Ea bohlano ke nako ea ho nyoloha ka potlako ho tloha 2020. Ho tloha ka 2020, ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea theko ea matla a Europe, matla a phepelo ea zinki a fokotsehile, 'me khōlo e potlakileng ea tlhokahalo ea zinki e lebisitse ho rebound ea theko ea zinki, e ntseng e tsoela pele ho phahama le ho feta. $3500 ka tone.
Ka 2022, tlaleho ea morao-rao e tsoang ho United States Geological Survey (USGS) e bontša hore mehloli ea lefats'e e netefalitsoeng ea zinki ke lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 1.9, 'me mehloli ea lefats'e e netefalitsoeng ea zinki ke lithane tse limilione tse 210 tsa tšepe.Australia e na le matlotlo a mangata ka ho fetisisa a zinc ore, a lithane tse limilione tse 66, e leng karolo ea 31.4% ea mehloli eohle ea lefatše.Mabolokelo a zinki a China a boemong ba bobeli ka mor'a Australia, ka lithane tse limilione tse 31, e leng karolo ea 14.8% ea kakaretso ea lefats'e.Linaha tse ling tse nang le mabolokelo a maholo a zinki li kenyelletsa Russia (10.5%), Peru (8.1%), Mexico (5.7%), India (4.6%) le linaha tse ling, athe mabolokelo a zinki kaofela a linaha tse ling a etsa 25% ea kakaretso ea lichelete tsa lefats'e.
Ntlha ea pele, tlhahiso ea histori ea zinki e tsoetse pele ho eketseha, ka ho fokotseha ho fokolang lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng.Ho lebeletsoe hore tlhahiso e tla hlaphoheloa butle-butle nakong e tlang.
Tlhahiso ea lefats'e ea zinki e ntse e eketseha ka lilemo tse fetang 100, e fihlile tlhōrōng ea eona ka 2012 ka tlhahiso ea selemo le selemo ea lithane tse limilione tse 13.5 tsa tšepe ea zinki.Lilemong tse latelang, ho bile le tekanyo e itseng ea ho theoha, ho fihlela 2019, ha kholo e qala hape.Leha ho le joalo, ho phatloha ha COVID-19 ka 2020 ho ile ha etsa hore tlhahiso ea morafo ea zinki ea lefats'e e theohe hape, 'me tlhahiso ea selemo le selemo e theohile ka lithane tse 700000, 5.51% selemo le selemo, e leng se ileng sa fella ka phepelo e tiileng ea zinki lefatšeng ka bophara le ho nyoloha ha theko ho sa khaotseng.Ka ho nolofala ha seoa sena, tlhahiso ea zinki butle-butle e ile ea khutlela boemong ba lithane tse limilione tse 13.Tlhahlobo e fana ka maikutlo a hore ka ho hlaphoheloa ha moruo oa lefats'e le ho phahamisa tlhoko ea 'maraka, tlhahiso ea zinki e tla tsoela pele ho hōla nakong e tlang.
Ea bobeli ke hore linaha tse nang le tlhahiso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea zinki lefatšeng ka bophara ke Chaena, Peru le Australia.
Ho ea ka lintlha tse tsoang ho United States Bureau of Geological Survey (USGS), tlhahiso ea zinki ea lefats'e e fihlile ho lithane tse limilione tse 13 ka 2022, 'me Chaena e na le tlhahiso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea lithane tse limilione tse 4.2 tsa tšepe, e leng karolo ea 32.3% ea tlhahiso ea lefatše lohle.Linaha tse ling tse nang le tlhahiso e phahameng ea zinki li kenyelletsa Peru (10.8%), Australia (10.0%), India (6.4%), United States (5.9%), Mexico (5.7%) le linaha tse ling.Kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea merafo ea zinki linaheng tse ling e etsa karolo ea 28.9% ea kakaretso ea lefats'e.
Taba ea boraro, bahlahisi ba bahlano ba holimo lefatšeng ka bophara ba zinki ba etsa hoo e ka bang 1/4 ea tlhahiso ea lefats'e, 'me maano a bona a tlhahiso a na le phello e itseng ho theko ea zinki.
Ka 2021, kakaretso ea selemo le selemo ea bahlahisi ba phahameng ba zinki ba bahlano lefatšeng e ne e ka ba lithane tse limilione tse 3.14, e leng karolo ea 1/4 ea tlhahiso ea zinki lefatšeng ka bophara.Boleng ba tlhahiso ea zinki bo feta lidolara tse limilione tse likete tse 9.4, moo Glencore PLC e hlahisitseng lithane tse ka bang limilione tse 1.16 tsa zinki, Hindustan Zinc Ltd e hlahisitse lithane tse ka bang 790000 tsa zinki, Teck Resources Ltd e hlahisitse lithane tse 610000 tsa zinki, Merafo ea Zijin e hlahisitse lithane tse ka bang 310000 tsa zinki, le Boliden AB e hlahisitse lithane tse ka bang 270000 tsa zinki.Bahlahisi ba bangata ba zinki ka kakaretso ba susumetsa litheko tsa zinki ka leano la "ho fokotsa tlhahiso le ho boloka litheko", e leng ho kenyelletsang ho koala merafo le ho laola tlhahiso ho finyella sepheo sa ho fokotsa tlhahiso le ho boloka litheko tsa zinki.Ka Mphalane 2015, Glencore e phatlalalitse phokotso ea kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea zinki, e lekanang le 4% ea tlhahiso ea lefats'e, le litheko tsa zinki tse nyolohileng ho feta 7% ka letsatsi le le leng.
Taba ea pele, tšebeliso ea zinki lefatšeng ka bophara e tsepame haholo libakeng tsa Asia Pacific le Europe le Amerika.
Ka 2021, ts'ebeliso ea lefats'e ea zinki e hloekisitsoeng e ne e le lithane tse limilione tse 14.0954, ts'ebeliso ea zinki e tsepame haholo libakeng tsa Asia Pacific le Europe le Amerika, 'me China e ikarabella bakeng sa karolo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea ts'ebeliso ea zinki, e etsang 48%.United States le India li ne li behiloe boemong ba bobeli le ba boraro, li ikarabella bakeng sa 6% le 5% ka ho latellana.Linaha tse ling tse kholo tsa bareki li kenyelletsa linaha tse tsoetseng pele joalo ka Korea Boroa, Japane, Belgium le Jeremane.
Ea bobeli ke hore sebopeho sa tšebeliso ea zinki se arotsoe ka tšebeliso ea pele le tšebeliso ea terminal.Tšebeliso ea pele e sebelisoa haholo-holo ka zinc plating, athe tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa haholo-holo ke lisebelisoa tsa motheo.Liphetoho tse hlokahalang qetellong ea bareki li tla ama theko ea zinki.
Sebopeho sa tšebeliso ea zinki se ka aroloa ka tšebeliso ea pele le tšebeliso ea ho qetela.Tšebeliso ea pele ea zinki e shebane haholo le lisebelisoa tse entsoeng ka masenke, e leng karolo ea 64%.Ts'ebeliso ea "terminal" ea zinki e bolela ho ntlafatsoa le ho sebelisoa ha lihlahisoa tsa zinki ka har'a ketane e tlase ea liindasteri.Tšebelisong ea ho qetela ea zinki, makala a motheo le a kaho a ikarabella bakeng sa karolo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa, ho 33% le 23% ka ho latellana.Ts'ebetso ea moreki oa zinki e tla fetisoa ho tloha sebakeng sa tšebeliso ea thepa ho ea sebakeng sa pele sa tšebeliso mme e ame phepelo le tlhoko ea zinki le theko ea eona.Mohlala, ha ts'ebetso ea liindasteri tse kholo tsa zinc tse kang thekiso ea matlo le likoloi li fokola, palo ea tšebeliso ea pele joalo ka plating ea zinc le alloys ea zinc e tla fokotseha, e leng se tla etsa hore phepelo ea zinki e fete tlhoko, e qetellang e lebisa ho ho fokotseha ha theko ea zinki.
Joaloka mohoebi e moholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng oa zinki, Glencore o laola ho potoloha ha zinki e hloekisitsoeng 'marakeng ka melemo e meraro.Ntlha ea pele, bokhoni ba ho hlophisa thepa ka potlako le ka mokhoa o nepahetseng ka ho toba 'marakeng oa zinki o tlaase;Ea bobeli ke bokhoni bo matla ba ho aba lisebelisoa tsa zinki;Ea boraro ke temohisiso e matla ea 'maraka oa zinki.Jwaloka mohlahisi e moholo ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng wa zinki, Glencore e hlahisitse ditone tse 940000 tsa zinki ka 2022, ka karolo ya mmaraka ya lefatshe lohle ya 7.2%;Palo ea khoebo ea zinki ke lithane tse limilione tse 2.4, ka karolo ea 'maraka ea lefats'e ea 18.4%.Bophahamo ba tlhahiso le khoebo ea zinki ka bobeli ke tsona tse holimo lefatšeng.Ho itlhahisa ha Glencore lefats'eng ka bophara ke motheo oa tšusumetso ea eona e kholo ho litheko tsa zinki, mme palo ea pele ea khoebo e eketsa ts'usumetso ena.
Taba ea pele, Shanghai Zinc Exchange e phethile karolo e ntle ho theheng sistimi ea theko ea zinki ea lapeng, empa tšusumetso ea eona ho litokelo tsa theko ea zinki e ntse e le tlase ho ea LME.
Bokamoso ba zinki bo phatlalalitsoeng ke Shanghai Stock Exchange bo bile le karolo e ntle ponaletsong ea phepelo le tlhokeho, mekhoa ea litheko, puo ea litheko, le mekhoa ea phetisetso ea litheko tsa lehae le kantle ho mmaraka oa zinki oa lehae.Tlas'a sebopeho se rarahaneng sa mmaraka oa 'maraka oa zinki oa China, Shanghai Zinc Exchange e thusitse ho theha sistimi e bulehileng, e hlokang leeme, e hlokang leeme, le e nang le matla a ho etsa litheko tsa zinki.Mmaraka oa kamoso oa zinki oa lehae o se o ntse o e-na le sekala le tšusumetso e itseng, mme ka ntlafatso ea mekhoa ea mebaraka le keketseho ea sekala sa khoebo, boemo ba eona 'marakeng oa lefats'e le bona boa eketseha.Ka 2022, bophahamo ba khoebo ba bokamoso ba zinki ba Shanghai bo ile ba lula bo tsitsitse mme bo eketseha hanyane.Ho ea ka lintlha tse tsoang Shanghai Stock Exchange, ho tloha bofelong ba November 2022, khoebo ea Shanghai Zinc Futures ka 2022 e ne e le 63906157 transactions, keketseho ea 0.64% selemo le selemo, ka karolelano ea khoeli le khoeli ea khoebo ea 5809650. ;Ka 2022, bophahamo ba khoebo ba Shanghai Zinc Futures bo fihlile ho li-yuan tse limilione tse likete tse 7932.1, keketseho ea 11.1% selemo le selemo, ka kakaretso ea khoeli le khoeli ea khoebo ea li-yuan tse limilione tse likete tse 4836.7.Leha ho le joalo, matla a litheko a zinki ea lefats'e a ntse a busoa ke LME, mme mmaraka oa lehae oa zinki e ntse e le 'maraka oa lebatooa o maemong a tlase.
Taba ea bobeli, litheko tsa zinki naheng ea China li bile teng ho tloha ho qotso ea moetsi ho ea ho litheolelo tsa sethala sa marang-rang, haholo-holo ho ipapisitse le litheko tsa LME.
Pele ho 2000, ho ne ho se na sethala sa litheko tsa 'maraka oa zinki naheng ea China,' me theko ea 'maraka oa sebaka e ne e thehiloe ho latela mantsoe a qotsitsoeng ke moetsi.Ka mohlala, Pearl River Delta, theko e ne e behiloe haholo-holo ke Zhongjin Lingnan, athe Yangtze River Delta, theko e ne e behiloe haholo-holo ke Zhuzhou Smelter le Huludao.Mokhoa o sa lekaneng oa ho etsa litheko o bile le phello e kholo ts'ebetsong ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea likhoebo tse holimo le tse tlase khoebong ea zinki.Ka 2000, Shanghai Nonferrous Metals Network (SMM) e ile ea theha marang-rang a eona, 'me qotsulo ea eona ea sethala e ile ea fetoha tšupiso bakeng sa likhoebo tse ngata tsa malapeng ho reka sebaka sa zinki.Hajoale, mantsoe a qotsitsoeng a mantlha 'marakeng oa lehae a kenyelletsa mantsoe a qotsitsoeng ho tsoa ho Nan Chu Business Network le Shanghai Metal Network, empa mantsoe a qotsitsoeng ho li-platform tsa marang-rang a bua haholo ka litheko tsa LME.
Taba ea pele, kakaretso ea lisebelisoa tsa zinki naheng ea China e maemong a bobeli lefats'eng, empa boleng bo tloaelehileng bo tlase mme ho thata ho hula lisebelisoa.
China e na le mehloli e mengata ea matlotlo a zinki, e boemong ba bobeli lefatšeng ka mor'a Australia.Mehloli ea tšepe ea zinki ea malapeng e tsepame haholo libakeng tse kang Yunnan (24%), Inner Mongolia (20%), Gansu (11%), le Xinjiang (8%).Leha ho le joalo, boemo ba li-deposit tsa zinc ore Chaena ka kakaretso bo tlase, ka merafo e mengata e menyenyane le merafo e seng mekae e meholo, hammoho le merafo e mengata e fokolang le e ruileng.Ho hula lisebelisoa ho thata 'me litšenyehelo tsa lipalangoang li holimo.
Taba ea bobeli, tlhahiso ea tšepe ea zinki ea China e maemong a pele lefatšeng, 'me tšusumetso ea bahlahisi ba kaholimo ba zinki ea lapeng e ntse e eketseha.
Tlhahiso ea zinki ea Chaena e lutse e le kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ka lilemo tse ngata tse latellanang.Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ka mekhoa e fapaneng e kang ea liindasteri, ho kopanya le ho fumana thepa, le ho kopanya thepa, Chaena butle-butle e thehile sehlopha sa likhoebo tsa zinki tse nang le tšusumetso ea lefats'e, tse nang le likhoebo tse tharo tse maemong a holimo har'a bahlahisi ba leshome ba lefats'e ka bophara ba zinki.Zijin Mining ke khoebo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea tlhahiso ea zinki naheng ea China, e nang le sekala sa tlhahiso ea zinc ore har'a tse hlano tse holimo lefatšeng ka bophara.Ka 2022, tlhahiso ea zinki e ne e le lithane tse 402000, e leng karolo ea 9.6% ea kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea malapeng.Minmetals Resources e maemong a botšelela lefatšeng ka bophara, ka tlhahiso ea zinki ea lithane tse 225000 ka 2022, e etsang karolo ea 5.3% ea kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea lapeng.Zhongjin Lingnan e maemong a borobong lefatšeng ka bophara, ka tlhahiso ea zinki ea lithane tse 193000 ka 2022, e leng karolo ea 4.6% ea kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea lapeng.Bahlahisi ba bang ba maholo ba zinki ba kenyelletsa Chihong Zinc Germanium, Zinc Industry Co., Ltd., Baiyin Nonferrous Metals, joalo-joalo.
Taba ea boraro, China ke moreki e moholo ka ho fetisisa oa zinki, 'me tšebeliso ea eona e tsepamisitse maikutlo lebaleng la meaho ea matlo le meaho e tlase.
Ka 2021, ts'ebeliso ea zinki ea China e ne e le lithane tse limilione tse 6.76, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore e be moreki e moholo ka ho fetisisa oa zinki lefatšeng.Zinc plating e ikarabella bakeng sa karolo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea tšebeliso ea zinki Chaena, e ikarabellang bakeng sa hoo e ka bang 60% ea tšebeliso ea zinki;Tse latelang ke alloy ea zinc le zinc oxide, tse etsang 15% le 12% ka ho latellana.Libaka tse ka sehloohong tsa ts'ebeliso ea galvanizing ke lisebelisoa tsa motheo le thekiso ea matlo.Ka lebaka la molemo o felletseng oa China ts'ebelisong ea zinki, nala ea meaho le meaho le meaho e tla ba le phello e kholo phepelong ea lefats'e, tlhoko le theko ea zinki.
Ts'epeho ea kantle ea China ho zinki e batla e phahame 'me e bonts'a mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho nyoloha, moo mehloli e meholo ea thepa e tsoang ho Australia le Peru.Ho tloha ka 2016, palo ea lihlahisoa tse tsoang kantle ho naha ea China e ntse e eketseha selemo le selemo, 'me joale e se e le eona e kenyang thepa e tsoang kantle ho naha ea zinki kantle ho naha.Ka 2020, ho its'etleha ho tsoa kantle ho zinki ho feta 40%.Ho ea ka naha ho ea ka naha, naha e nang le tlhahiso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea zinki ho ea Chaena ka 2021 e ne e le Australia, e nang le lithane tsa 'mele tse limilione tse 1.07 ho pholletsa le selemo, e leng karolo ea 29.5% ea kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tsa China tse tsoang linaheng tse ling;Taba ea bobeli, Peru e romela lithane tsa 'mele tse 780000 ho ea Chaena, e leng karolo ea 21.6% ea kakaretso ea lihlahisoa tsa zinki tse tsoang Chaena.Ho itšetleha ho hoholo ka thepa ea zinki e tsoang kantle ho naha le palo e lekantsoeng ea libaka tse tsoang kantle ho naha ho bolela hore botsitso ba phepelo ea zinki e hloekisitsoeng e ka angoa ke phepelo le pheletso ea lipalangoang, e leng le leng la mabaka a entseng hore China e be mosing khoebong ea machaba ea zinki le zinki. e ka amohela litheko tsa 'maraka oa lefatše ka mokhoa o sa reroang.
Sengoliloeng sena se phatlalalitsoe qalong khatisong ea pele ea China Mining Daily ka la 15 Motšeanong
Nako ea poso: Sep-08-2023
